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Packed Columns Stationary Phases

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Samples vaporized in sample injection ports are separated as a result of distribution equilibria between stationary and gaseous phases. There are many kinds of stationary phases ranging from non-polar (e.g., squalene) to polar (e.g., polyethyleneglycol). Samples and stationary phases that have similar polarities show strong affinities for each other with the result that samples are retained strongly on stationary phases. There are currently approximately 300 kinds of stationary phases for gas chromatography.
The characteristics required of GC stationary phases are shown below:

  1. Must have low melting points and low vapor pressures at high temperatures in order to maintain liquid states during use. Furthermore, they must be heat resistant and heat stable.
  2. Must be chemically stable at the required operating temperatures, possess long operating lifetimes, and display good reproducibility.
  3. Must possess small mass transfer resistances.
  4. Must not undergo chemical reactions with the components of analytical samples, and must promote rapid distribution equilibria.

Stationary Phase Polarity Table

McReynolds Constants

Choosing an appropriate stationary phase from among the many phases available is extremely difficult, and requires experience. McReynolds constants obtained under fixed conditions using a variety of compounds and arranged in order of polarity can be used as a guide to stationary phase selection. McReynolds constant tables are created by first finding the retention indices (I) for 10 compounds ranging from benzene to cis-hydrindane using a variety of stationary phases (stationary phase ratio: 20%) and an analytical temperature of 120℃. Differences (ΔI) between these retention indices and those found for the non-polar stationary phase Squalane are then calculated, and the sums for each stationary phase are listed in increasing order. In the table below we have listed values for representative stationary phases obtained using seven different compounds.

(1)Benzene (2)1-Butanol (3)2-Pentanone (4)Nitropropane (5)Pyridine (6)2-Methyl-2-Pentanol (7)2-Octyne

Stationary Phase ΔI Σ51

_
γ
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Kovats indices (I) (Squalane, 120℃) 653 590 627 652 699 690 841
Squalane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.945
Nujol (paraffin oil) 9 5 2 6 11 2 2 33 1.944
Apiezon M 31 22 15 30 40 12 10 138 1.920
Apiezon L 32 22 15 32 42 13 11 143 1.914
SF-96 12 53 42 61 37 31 21 205 1.788
SE-30 15 53 44 64 41 31 22 217 1.776
OV-1 16 55 44 65 42 32 23 222 1.766
DC-200 16 57 45 66 43 33 23 227 1.782
OV-101 17 57 45 67 43 33 23 229 1.771
Versilube F-50 19 57 48 69 47 36 23 240 1.811
DC-11 17 86 48 69 56 36 23 276 1.772
SF-52 32 72 65 98 67 44 36 334 1.798
OV-3 44 86 81 124 88 55 35 423 1.797
Dexsil 300GC 47 80 103 148 96 55 46 474 ——
Fluorolube HG1200 51 68 114 144 118 68 53 495 1.799
OV-7 69 113 111 171 128 77 66 592 1.807
DC-550 74 116 117 178 135 81 72 620 1.823
Di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS) 72 168 108 180 125 132 49 653 1.933
DC-710 107 149 153 228 190 107 98 827 1.817
Dioctyl phthalate 92 186 150 236 167 143 66 831 1.902
POLY-1-110 115 194 122 204 202 152 55 837 ——
OV-17 119 158 162 243 202 112 105 884 1.799
Ucon LB-550X 118 271 158 243 206 177 91 996 1.838
Span 80 97 266 170 216 268 107 66 1017 1.870
POLY-A-103 115 331 149 263 214 221 62 1072 ——
OV-22 160 188 191 283 253 133 132 1075 1.763
POLY-A-101A 115 357 151 262 214 233 64 1099 ——
Didecyl phthalate 136 255 213 320 235 201 101 1159 1.868
OV-25 178 204 208 305 280 144 147 1175 1.749
Polyphenylether (5 rings) 176 227 224 306 283 177 135 1216 1.845
Polyphenylether (6 rings) 182 233 228 313 293 181 136 1249 1.829
POLY-A-135 163 389 168 340 269 282 —— 1329 ——
Ucon 50HB-280X 177 362 227 351 302 252 130 1419 1.794
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) 176 321 250 374 299 242 131 1420 1.832
DC OF-1 144 233 355 463 305 203 53 1500 1.619
OV-210 146 238 358 468 310 206 156 1520 1.616
Ucon 50HB-2000 202 394 253 392 341 277 147 1582 1.771
OV-330 222 391 273 417 368 284 158 1671 ——
Ucon 50HB-5100 214 418 278 421 375 301 155 1706 1.754
Tween 80 227 430 283 438 396 310 —— 1747 ——
XE-60 204 381 340 493 367 289 120 1785 1.674
OV-225 228 269 338 492 386 282 150 1813 1.688
Triton X-305 262 467 314 488 430 336 183 1961 1.739
Quadrol 214 571 357 472 489 431 142 2103 1.719
Neopentyl glycol succinate (NPGS) 272 469 366 539 474 371 184 2120 1.683
lgepal CO990 298 508 345 540 475 366 205 2166 1.699
PEG 20M 322 536 368 572 510 387 221 2308 1.673
PEG 20M-TPA 321 537 367 573 520 387 220 2318 1.674
PEG 6000 322 540 369 577 512 390 222 2320 1.674
PEG 4000 325 551 375 582 520 399 224 2353 1.674
SILAR-5 CP 319 495 446 637 531 379 216 2428 ——
XF-1150 308 520 470 669 528 401 174 2495 1.604
PEG 1000 347 607 418 626 589 449 240 2587 1.649
Ethylene glycol adipate 372 576 453 655 617 462 250 2673 1.618
Butane-1,4-diol succinate (BDS) 369 591 457 661 629 476 243 2707 1.625
Reoplex 400 364 619 449 647 671 482 245 2750 1.633
Carbowax 1540 371 639 453 666 641 479 255 2770 1.635
LAC-2-R-446 387 616 471 679 667 489 257 2820 1.612
EGSS-Y 391 597 493 693 661 469 261 2835 1.619
SILAR-7 CP 440 638 605 844 673 492 268 3200 ——
ECNSS-M 421 690 581 803 732 548 259 3227 1.561
ECNSS-S 438 659 566 820 722 530 286 3205 ——
Diglycerol 371 826 560 676 854 608 141 3287 1.806
EGSS-X 484 710 585 831 778 566 316 3388 1.551
SILAR-9CP 489 725 631 910 778 566 292 3536 ——
Diethylene glycol succinate (DEGS) 499 751 593 840 860 595 323 3543 1.548
SILAR-10CP 523 757 659 942 801 584 298 3682 ——
THEED 463 942 626 801 893 746 269 3725 1.550
Ethylene glycol succinate 537 787 643 903 889 633 348 3759 1.516
1,2,3-Tris(2-cyanoethoxy)-propane (TCEP) 593 857 752 1028 915 672 375 4145 1.509
Cyanoethylsucrose 647 919 797 1043 976 713 388 4382 1.463
N,N-Bis(2-cyanoethyl)-formamide 690 991 853 1110 1000 773 371 4644 1.593

Category of Stationary Phase

Category Type Name
Hydrocarbons Paraffinic hydrocarbons Apiezon L, squalane, hexatriacontane,
n-hexadecane, n-dodecane
Halogen compounds Fluorine-containing oils Kel F oil no. 3, halocarbon oil, Fluorolube HG1200
Oxygenated compounds Monoesters Dibutyl maleate (DBM),
dioctyl phthalate (DOP),
dioctyl sebacate (DOS),
dinonyl phthalate (DNP),
Flexol 8N8
Polyesters FFAP, FON, Thermon-1000,
Thermon-3000, 1,4-BDS, DEGS,
DEGA, EGA, EGS, NGS, NGA
Alcohols Diglycerol, Hyprose SP-80,
mannitol, undecanol
Ethers (including polyesters) Polyphenyl ether,
bis(2-butoxyethyl)-phthalate
Polyglycols Polyethylene glycols, Ucon oils
Nitrogen compounds Amides Poly-A series, Versamid 900
Amines Quadrol, triethanolamine
Nitriles N,N-Bis(2-cyanoethyl)-formamide (BCEF),
1,2,3-Tris(2-cyanoethoxy)-propane (TCEP),
β,β'-Oxydipropionitrile (ODPN)
Nitro compounds, etc. Alukaterge T, 4,4-azoxydianisol
Silicones Methyl silicones SE-30, DC-200, DC-11, DC-410, OV-1,
UCW-98
Methyl phenyl silicones SE-52, OV-17, OV-3, OV-22, DC-550, DC-710
Methyl phenyl vinyl silicone SE-54
Trifluoropropyl silicones QF-1, OV-210
Cyanoalkylmethyl silicones XF-1150, OV-105 (propyl)
Cyanopropylphenyl silicone OV-225
Other OV-275, Dexsil series
Sulfur compounds Dimethyl sulfide, polysulfones, Poly-S series
Phosphorous compounds Phosphoesters Tricresyl phosphate (TCP),
trixylyl phosphate (TXP)
Salts, organic acids, chlorine compounds Bentone 34

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